The Application for Naturalization (Form N-400) is the process through which a foreign national can become a U.S. citizen. To apply, applicants must meet specific eligibility requirements, follow a multi-step process, and understand the timelines associated with each phase. This guide provides a detailed breakdown, checklist, and estimated timelines to guide applicants through the process.
Eligibility Requirements
To apply for naturalization, applicants must meet the following basic criteria:
- Age: Must be at least 18 years old.
- Permanent Resident Status: Generally, applicants must have held a green card for at least five years (three years if married to a U.S. citizen).
- Physical Presence: Must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months within the last five years (or 18 months for those married to U.S. citizens).
- Continuous Residence: Maintain continuous residence in the U.S. during the specified period.
- Good Moral Character: Applicants must demonstrate good moral character, which includes adherence to U.S. laws.
- English Proficiency and Civics Knowledge: Basic knowledge of the English language and U.S. history and government is required.
| Eligibility Requirement | Specifics |
|---|---|
| Age | At least 18 years old |
| Permanent Resident Status | Green card for 5 years (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) |
| Physical Presence | 30 months in the U.S. in the last 5 years (18 months if married to a U.S. citizen) |
| Continuous Residence | Continuously resided in the U.S. for the required period |
| Good Moral Character | Demonstrated adherence to U.S. laws and norms |
| English Proficiency and Civics | Basic knowledge of English, U.S. history, and government |
Steps for Applying for Naturalization
- Complete Form N-400: Fill out Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. The form requires detailed information, including personal data, residence history, and background.
- Submit Form N-400 and Pay Fees: Submit Form N-400 along with the required application fees. As of 2024, the standard fee is $725, which includes a $640 application fee and an $85 biometrics fee.
- Receive Biometrics Appointment Notice: After submitting the application, USCIS will send a biometrics appointment notice. During this appointment, fingerprints, a photograph, and a signature are taken to confirm the applicant’s identity.
- Attend Biometrics Appointment: Visit the designated USCIS office for the biometrics appointment. This is usually scheduled within a month of filing the application.
- Interview with USCIS Officer: After the biometrics appointment, the applicant will receive an interview notice. During this interview, an officer will assess the applicant’s eligibility and administer an English and civics test.
- Receive Decision on Application: USCIS will issue a decision, which could be an approval, denial, or continuance (request for additional information).
- Attend Naturalization Ceremony: If approved, the applicant will receive a notice to attend a naturalization ceremony, where they will take the Oath of Allegiance and officially become a U.S. citizen.
Checklist for Form N-400 Application
- Completed Form N-400
- Application Fee: Include payment for the $725 fee.
- Green Card: Copy of permanent resident card (front and back).
- Two Passport-Style Photos: Only if applying from outside the U.S.
- Travel Records: List of trips taken outside the U.S. during the required residence period.
- Proof of Continuous Residence: Documents showing physical presence, such as tax returns, employment records, or school transcripts.
- Marriage Certificate: If applying based on marriage to a U.S. citizen.
- Proof of Good Moral Character: If required, submit evidence, such as affidavits from character witnesses.
Timeline for the Naturalization Process
- Filing of Application: 1–2 months
- Biometrics Appointment: Typically scheduled within 1 month after filing.
- Interview Appointment: 6–12 months from the date of filing (depending on local USCIS workload).
- USCIS Decision: Usually within 1 month of the interview.
- Oath Ceremony: 1–2 months following USCIS approval.
| Stage of Process | Estimated Timeframe |
|---|---|
| Filing and Confirmation | 1–2 months |
| Biometrics Appointment | 1 month after filing |
| Interview Appointment | 6–12 months after filing |
| USCIS Decision | Within 1 month of the interview |
| Oath of Allegiance Ceremony | 1–2 months after approval |
English and Civics Test
As part of the interview process, applicants must take an English and Civics Test:
- English Language Test: Tests the applicant’s ability to read, write, and speak basic English.
- Civics Test: Covers U.S. government, history, and constitutional principles. The test consists of 10 questions from a pool of 100, and applicants must correctly answer at least 6 out of 10 questions to pass.
Common Reasons for Application Delays
- Incomplete Application: Missing information on Form N-400 or failure to submit required documents can delay processing.
- Background Checks: Delays may occur if USCIS identifies issues in the applicant’s background check.
- Additional Document Requests: If USCIS requests further documentation, the applicant must respond promptly to avoid additional delays.
- Travel Outside the U.S.: Extended travel during the application process can impact continuous residence and delay approval.
Conclusion
The Application for Naturalization process is a multi-step journey toward U.S. citizenship. Following the eligibility requirements, submitting a complete application with the correct documentation, and preparing for the interview and exams can significantly enhance the likelihood of a successful outcome. For complex cases or questions, consulting with an immigration attorney or an authorized representative can be invaluable in navigating the process smoothly and effectively. Becoming a U.S. citizen is an important milestone, and careful preparation is key to making the journey as straightforward as possible. Have Legal Doc Expert assist you in this lengthy and confusing process.
